Safety Assessment of the Ammonia Bunkering Process in the Maritime Sector: A Review

One of the main goals shipping industry is to decarbonize fuels used in maritime transportation. Ammonia thought be a potential alternative for hydrogen storage future, allowing CO2-free energy systems. Ammonia’s beneficial characteristics with regard include its high volumetric density, low pressure, and long-term stability. However, ammonia characterized by toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness, making safety challenge compared other fuels. In specific circumstances, leakage from bunkering can cause risks, dispersion, unsafe areas due flammability toxicity. Based on an analysis 118 research papers 50 regulations guidelines, this review report evaluates various aspects hazards associated processes, considering both current future implications. This also includes latest advancements developments related as marine fuel. Several standards supply systems are discussed. paper examines experiments numerical investigations conducted using different methods bunkering, such terminal-to-ship, ship-to-ship, truck-to-ship transfers. shows that toxicity more relevant topics vapor cloud dispersion than flammability. Finally, challenges recommendations implementation further development fuel proposed. suggests new directions overcome disadvantages gaps during periods.